Penile Duplex Ultrasonography in Men with Peyronie’s Disease: Is it Veno-Occlusive Dysfunction or Poor Cavernosal Arterial Inflow that Contributes to Erectile Dysfunction?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: At least 20% of men with Peyronie's disease (PD) suffer from erectile dysfunction (ED). The fundamental mechanism is thought to arise from the progression of penile fibrosis, which was initially limited to the PD plaque within the tunica albuginea. However, recent studies have highlighted the possibility of fibrosis of the cavernosal vessel media wall leading to impairment of arterial inflow. AIM: To evaluate the penile duplex ultrasonographic findings in PD of impotent men and to determine whether early features of PD might predict clinical progression. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Patient demographic, comorbidities, International Index of Erectile Function-5 scores, surgical intervention, and physical findings were documented. Penile curvature, plaque size, and peak systolic velocity (PSV) and end-diastolic velocity (EDV) on color duplex ultrasonography (CDU) were recorded. METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of all men presenting with penile curvature and length loss who underwent penile CDU between January 2001 and January 2010. RESULTS: A total of 1,120 men underwent penile CDU during the 10-year period. Complete information was obtained in 810 men; 250 men complained of decreased penile rigidity, while 150 men were unable to sustain erection. Comorbidities were similar between men with PD with and without ED. Tunical thickening (65%) was the most common CDU feature, and mean cumulative calcifications was 24.2 mm(2) (1-360 mm(2) , standard deviation 76). The PSV and EDV on the right cavernosal artery were 14.2 cm/second and 3.5 cm/second, while the left cavernosal artery measurements were 15.1 cm/second and 3.2 cm/second. Multivariate logistic regression model showed strong correlation between plaque size and development of ED. Both veno-occlusive dysfunction and impaired cavernosal arterial inflow were associated with ED. CONCLUSIONS: Veno-occlusive dysfunction and impaired cavernosal arterial inflow contributed to the development of ED, and larger plaque size is a strong predictor of surgical intervention.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".