ANALYSIS OF STEM COLOR AND CORRELATED MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS FOR GROUPING PHRAGMITES (POACEAE) TAXA IN EASTERN ONTARIO
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Phragmites australis subsp. australis is an invasive alien of major importance in natural habitats in many parts of North America but methods of distinguishing it from the native subsp. americanus required more research. A study of the value of basal stem internode color was conducted in eastern Ontario where the long history of collections enables characteristics of the native subspecies to be evaluated, since the invasive alien subspecies is believed to have arrived only recently. Although there is some overlap, correlation analysis indicated that basal stem internode color was highly correlated with ligule height and lower glume length, the latter characters being considered the most important for differentiation. With regard to ligule height, a measurement excluding the fringe of hair proved most valuable. Collections of native plants prior to the post-1970 spread of Phragmites along roads have reddish-purple lower stem internodes, whereas many collected after 1970 have yellow-brown lower stem internodes. Plants from interior wetlands, presumed to be native, also have reddish-purple lower stem internodes, while those from roadsides are either yellow-brown or reddish-purple. The plants with reddish-purple lower stem internodes have longer lower glumes and longer ligules on middle leaves than the plants with yellow-brown lower stem internodes. They are thus referable to the native subsp. americanus based on morphological as well as circumstantial evidence. Lower glume length and ligule height are confirmed as valuable characters for separating subsp. australis and subsp. americanus. Basal stem internode color is a valuable character, particularly for field identification and especially when combined with morphological measurements. Basal stem internode color was also indicated to be useful for studying the history of invasion of subsp. australis in eastern Ontario, and may prove similarly useful in other parts of northeastern North America, as well.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it