Impact of multicolored Asian lady beetle as a biological control agent
Bibliographic record
Abstract
153 The multicolored Asian ladybeetle, Harmonia axyridis Pallas (Coleoptera; Coccinellidae), has become a well-known nuisance insect in North America (see other symposium summaries in this issue). Despite these negative aspects, H. axyridis also plays a beneficial role by suppressing pests in a variety of cropping systems (Koch 2003). The recent arrival of the soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura (Homoptera: Aphididae) into North American soybean production systems has created a situation in which the positive and negative aspects of this insect are highlighted. Here we discuss some recent studies exploring the role of H. axyridis in biocontrol of soybean aphid. The soybean aphid is a major new invasive pest of soybean (Glycine max L.) in North America. First discovered in July 2000 in Wisconsin and adjoining states, it is currently distributed in 21 U.S. states and parts of Canada. In 2003, more than 42 million acres of soybean in the North Central United States were infested, and more than 7 million acres were treated with insecticides to control A. glycines (Landis et al. 2003). Populations exceeding 24,000 aphids per plant and 40% losses in seed yield have been reported (DiFonzo and Hines 2002). Aphis glycines overwinters on plants in the genus Rhamnus (buckthorn), with summer generations occurring on soybean. The exotic invasive shrub Rhamnus cathartica appears to be the key overwintering host for A. glycines in Michigan. Fall migration to R. cathartica by A. glycines gynopare and production of oviparae and overwintering eggs in the field has been observed with subsequent production of fundatrices and alate viviparous females and migration to soybean the following spring (Ragsdale et al. 2004). Alates arrive in soybean in earlyto mid-June, soon after crop emergence (Fox 2002). Natural enemies play a key role in suppressing soybean aphid populations (Fox et al. 2004). In China, where soybean aphid outbreaks are rare, coccinellids are among the most common natural enemies; however, soybean aphid colonies also typically experience parasitism rates of 40% (G. Heimpel, University of Minnesota personal observation). In the United States, 22 predator taxa are Impact of Multicolored Asian Lady Beetle as a Biological Control Agent
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".