Experiments and Analysis of Multiscale Viscous Fingering During Forced Imbibition
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Summary Immiscible displacement of one fluid by another in porous media has practical applications when viscous oil is produced by water injection. A greater understanding of the flow patterns that evolve during such unstable displacements yields insights into improving predictive capability and increasing oil recovery. Immiscible multiphase displacement exhibits a wide range of behaviors depending on the relative magnitude of viscous, capillary, and gravity forces. Using flow-visualization images from forced-imbibition experiments carried out in etched-silicon micromodels, we show that the conventional Darcy-type modeling of fluid flux is not predictive under unstable, immiscible, forced-imbibition conditions at the scale of interest. When a less viscous fluid displaces a more viscous fluid at low capillary numbers, the displacement patterns show viscous instabilities in the form of fingers and local capillary control of interface movement. We show that such complex displacement patterns are well modeled using statistical theories. We derive a scaling model to describe quantitatively the functional forms for saturation, fractional flow, and capillary dispersion profiles using the self-similar characteristics inherent in the displacement patterns. For the specific range of flow rates (Nc ~ 10−7) and oil/water viscosity ratios (M ~ 8–400) considered in our experiments, both capillary and viscous forces are important, and the displacement pattern indicates fractal features. Results show that functional relations of the scaling model are in considerable agreement with our experimental data.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it