Field study of wrinkles in a geomembrane at a composite liner test site
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The variation in length of the longest hydraulic features (connected wrinkles) formed in an exposed black high-density polyethylene (HDPE) geomembrane liner observed at different times of the day and in different seasons over multiple years is presented for both a 3% base slope and 3H:1V side slope at the Queen’s University Experimental Liner Test Site (latitude of 44°34′N and longitude 76°39′W). The longest wrinkle observed on the 0.15 ha base was about 1500 m. The longest wrinkle observed on the 0.17 ha slope was about 2000 m. The length of connected wrinkles is shown to be primarily related to solar radiation, although the soil and ambient temperature played a role in maintaining wrinkles in the afternoon as solar radiation decreased. Wrinkles of less than 20 m connected length were observed for geomembrane surface temperatures of less than 30 °C and solar radiation of less than 600 W/m2. Wrinkles exceeding 500 m in connected length were observed for geomembrane temperatures between about 30 and 62 °C and solar radiation between 600 and 1100 W/m2. The vast majority (about 85%) of wrinkle heights were between 0.04 and 0.08 m with the average wrinkle height being 0.06 m and a maximum wrinkle height of about 0.18 m. The manually measured wrinkle widths around noon (when there was the greatest number of wrinkles) ranged between about 0.20 and 0.43 m, but most of the wrinkles were between 0.23 and 0.36 m with a mean of 0.29 m (standard deviation 0.05 m). The data from this study suggest that a reasonable estimate of mean wrinkle width would be about 0.2 to 0.3 m. The size of the area constraining the geomembrane is shown to affect the connected wrinkle length. Calculations of leakage for the wrinkle lengths and widths observed are reported to be consistent with what has been reported for landfills in North America.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".