FACTORS AFFECTING SURVIVAL OF MALLARD DUCKLINGS IN SOUTHERN ONTARIO
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Survival of young is poorly understood, but important to fitness and demographics for many birds. Estimates of duckling survival and the factors influencing it are essential to guiding regional breeding management for ducks. We estimated daily and 30-day duckling survival for Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) at one of four sites each year during 1997–2000 in southern Ontario, Canada. We examined effects of site-year, brood age, female age, and hatching date on survival. Our best model supported additive effects of site-year, brood age, and hatching date. The odds of daily survival were 8.8 times (95% CI: 4.2–18.5) higher for older (>7 days) relative to younger (≤7 days) ducklings and 1.7 times (0.9–3.1) higher for early-hatched (before 1 June) relative to late-hatched (1 June or later) ducklings. When controlling for differences in hatching date, we did not find support for an influence of female age. Mean 30-day duckling survival across sites was 0.40 (range 0.07–0.50). Extremely low survival at one site appeared to be associated with poor wetland conditions. Our results suggested directional selection for early nesting, and we predicted that early nests made a disproportionately large contribution (61%) to recruitment to 30 days posthatching. We recommend management emphasis on protection, enhancement, and restoration of seasonal wetlands to prevent declines in duckling survival. Factores que Afectan la Supervivencia de Anas platyrhynchos en el Sur de Ontario Resumen. La supervivencia de los juveniles permanece poco entendida, aunque es importante para la adecuación biológica y la demografía de muchas aves. Las estimaciones de supervivencia de los juveniles de patos y los factores que la influencian son esenciales para guiar estrategias regionales de manejo reproductivo en patos. Estimamos la supervivencia diaria y a los 30 días de los juveniles de Anas platyrhynchos en un sitio por año para un total de cuatro sitios entre 1997–2000 en el sur de Ontario, Canadá. Estimamos los efectos de sitio-año, edad de la nidada, edad de la hembra y fecha de eclosión sobre la supervivencia. Nuestro mejor modelo respaldó efectos aditivos de sitio-año, edad de la nidada y fecha de eclosión. La supervivencia diaria fue 8.8 veces (95% IC: 4.2–18.5) mayor para juveniles de mayor edad (>7 días) en comparación con juveniles de menor edad (≤7 días) y 1.7 veces (0.9–3.1) mayor para juveniles que eclosionaron tempranamente (antes del 1 de Junio) en comparación con juveniles que eclosionaron tardíamente (durante o después del 1 de Junio). Cuando controlamos por diferencias en la fecha de eclosión, no encontramos evidencia de una influencia de la edad de la hembra. La supervivencia media, considerando todos los sitios, de los juveniles a los 30 días fue de 0.40 (rango 0.07–0.50). La supervivencia extremadamente baja que registramos en uno de los sitios parece estar asociada con las malas condiciones del humedal. Nuestros resultados sugirieron una selección direccional hacia la nidificación temprana, y predijimos que los nidos tempranos representaron una contribución desproporcionadamente grande (61%) al reclutamiento luego de 30 días de eclosión. Recomendamos que el manejo ponga énfasis en la protección, mejoramiento y restauración de humedales estacionales para prevenir una disminución en la supervivencia de los juveniles de patos.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it