Magnesium sulfate attack on clays stabilised by carbide slag- and magnesia-ground granulated blast furnace slag
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Carbide slag (CS)– and reactive magnesia (MgO)–activated ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) were used to stabilise soft clay subjected to accelerated magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) attack. The results indicated that the CS–GGBS-stabilised clay had a higher resistance to magnesium sulfate attack than magnesia–GGBS-stabilised clay; this was contrary to findings from a previous study subjected to sodium sulfate attack. The formation of gypsum and the decomposition of calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) occurred in both stabilised clays after the magnesium sulfate attack, which is primarily responsible for the deterioration. Since the magnesia–GGBS-stabilised clay had a lower pH buffering capacity and calcium/silicon ratio of CSH than CS–GGBS-stabilised clay, it was more susceptible to magnesium sulfate attack.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".