Real-Time Detection of Arsenic Cations from Ambient Air in Boreal Forest and Lake Environments
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We present the first observation of airborne organic and inorganic arsenic cations, detected in real time within the boreal forest in Hyytiälä, Finland, and over nearby Lake Kuivajärvi. The technique of atmospheric-pressure interface time-of-flight mass spectrometry provides online, in situ monitoring as well as chemical information about the arsenic species, identified as protonated trimethylarsine oxide (AsC 3 H 10 O + ) and AsO(H 2 O) n + clusters ( n = 0–4). Quantum chemical calculations confirm that the proposed cations are stable under atmospheric conditions. Our most remarkable discovery is that minimal arsenic appeared during spring 2011 until after the ground began to thaw, triggering a sharp increase in airborne arsenic levels as snowmelt flooded the soil with water and stimulated microbial activity. These findings reveal that volatile arsenic species, detected here as atmospheric ions, link the biogeochemical cycling of arsenic through air, soil, water, and living organisms.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".