Shear strength properties of plain and spirally profiled cable bolts
Bibliographic record
Abstract
An experimental investigation into the performance of two 22 mm diameter, 60 t tensile strength capacity Hilti cable bolts in shear was conducted using the double-shear testing apparatus at the laboratory of the School of Civil, Mining and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences, University of Wollongong. The tested cable bolts were (i) Hilti 19 wire HTT-UXG plain strand and (ii) Hilti 19 wire HTT-IXG spirally profiled (smaller cross-sectional area than the plain one) cable bolt, with indentation only on the surface of the outer strands. These cable bolts are of sealed wire construction type, consisting of an outer 5.5 mm diameter wire layer overlying the middle 3 mm diameter wire strands. Both layers are wrapped around a single solid 7 mm diameter strand wire core. The double-shearing test was carried out in 40 MPa concrete blocks, contained in concrete moulds. Cable bolts were encapsulated in concrete using Orica FB400 pumpable grout. Prior to encapsulation, each cable bolt was pre-tensioned initially to 50 kN axial force. A 500 t capacity servocontrolled compression testing machine was used for both tests, and during each test the vertical shear displacement was limited to 70 mm of travel. The rate of vertical shear displacement was maintained constant at 1 mm/min. The maximum shear load achieved for the plain strand cable was 1024 kN, while the spiral cable peak load was 904 kN, before the cable bolt wires began to individually snap, leading to the cable bolt break-up into two sections. It is apparent that spiral profiles of the outer wires weaken both the tensile and shearing strength. Finally, another set of tests was undertaken using the British Standard single-shear approach, producing lower shear strength values.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".