Model-driven Elasticity and DoS Attack Mitigation in Cloud Environments
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Workloads for web applications can change rapidly. When the change is an increase in customers, a common adaptive approach to maintain SLAs is elasticity, the on-demand allocation of computing resources. However, application-level denial-of-service (DoS) attacks can also cause changes in workload, and require an entirely different response. These two issues are often addressed separately (in both research and application). This paper presents a model-driven adaptive management mechanism which can correctly scale a web application, mitigate a DoS attack, or both, based on an assessment of the business value of workload. This approach is enabled by modifying a layered queuing network model previously used to model data centers to also accurately predict short-term cloud behavior, despite cloud variability over time. We evaluate our approach on Amazon EC2 and demonstrate the ability to horizontally scale a sample web application in response to an increase in legitimate traffic while mitigating multiple DoS attacks, achieving the established performance goal.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".