Modeling Device Mismatch: Miles Copeland's Vision
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The mid-1970s is widely regarded as the time when analog metal?oxide?semiconductor (MOS) circuits saw fundamental breakthroughs. Until then, almost all analog circuits were being built using bipolar transistors. Researchers at the University of California, Berkeley, showed the realization of data converter circuits using MOS capacitors [1], which was quickly followed by building pulse code modulation codecs that would eventually be incorporated into every telephone [2]. The next functional block that needed integration for voice telephony was filters for anti-aliasing and reconstruction purposes. In addition to Berkeley [3], a lesser-known center of excellence in Canada led the way. The Canadian team consisting of researchers from Carleton University (doctoral student C.F. Rahim) and Northern Telecom, both based in Ottawa, Canada, was headed by Prof. Miles A. Copeland [4]. They showed that precision analog filters could be realized by using a switched capacitor as a resistor equivalent. The accuracy of the filter is then decided by the matching of capacitors and not by the absolute value of any element. Thus the MOS capacitor became the precision element used in the data converters and filters. These inventions helped establish Northern Telecom as the leader in digital switching products for telephony.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it