Numerical Investigation of Head-on Binary Drop Collisions in a Dynamically Inert Environment
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The results of three-dimensional numerical simulations of drop collisions without the effect of a surrounding environment are presented.The numerical model is based on an Eulerian, finite-difference, Volume-of-Fluid method.Surface tension is included using the Continuum Surface Force method.Head-on collisions using equal size drops with three different fluid properties of water, mercury and tetradecane are presented.Various drop diameters ranging from 200 μm to 5 mm are considered.A separation criterion based upon deformation data is found.The lower critical Weber numbers are found for mercury and water drops while tetradecane drops did not result in separation for the range of Weber numbers considered.The effect of Reynolds number is investigated and regions of permanent coalescence and separation are plotted in the Weber-Reynolds number plane.The role of viscosity and its effect on dissipation is also investigated.Finally, the validity of the assumptions made in some of the collision models is assessed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".