The Las Colinas landslide, Santa Tecla: A highly destructive flowslide triggered by the January 13, 2001, El Salvador earthquake
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Las Colinas landslide was one of thousands of landslides triggered by the January 13th El Salvador earthquake (MW 7.6) in early 2001. The landslide was highly destructive. It led to the death of ∼585 people when it swept into a residential area of Santa Tecla, a suburb of San Salvador. The landslide originated from the top of a steep escarpment and involved pyroclastic deposits (silty sands and sandy silts) interbedded with paleosol horizons. The initial volume of the landslide was only ∼130,000 m3. The runout distance of the landslide, which developed into a rapid flowslide, was 735 m over a vertical distance of 166 m giving a H/L ratio of 0.23. The flowslide ran its final 460 m over a slope of only 3°. The flowslide debris was mainly dry but may have been partially saturated. It is postulated that strong seismic shaking amplified by topographic effects led to tensile stripping of the initial failure mass, which then lost strength very rapidly as it moved downslope and disintegrated into cohesionless debris. Urban topography consisting of buildings and streets may have inhibited debris spreading and channelized debris resulting in a long runout. The Las Colinas flowslide illustrates that runout behavior determines the landslide hazard at the base of the source slope and raises the question of landslide risk at the base of the Balsamo Escarpment, where existing residential developments are located within the runout distance of similar flowslide events that could occur in the future.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".