الآثار الإقتصادية للهجرة الخارجية للعمالة فى مصر [The Economic Impacts for the Labor Emigration in Egypt]
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Egyptian labor emigration is considered one of the changes, that led to the structural distortions in the domestic labor market in Egypt, the countries gulf were the main source of the Egyptian labor temporal emigration, while the USA, Canada, and Australia were the main source of the permanent emigration from Egypt. After the first gulf war, the Egyptian economy faced labor immigration. The study research problem, handled nature of the economic changes as a result of Egyptian labor emigration, so objective of the study is to explore the economic impacts for labor emigration, and the most variables affecting this emigration, and the trends of the workers’ remittances. The study used the regression analysis, i.e., simple regression, and simultaneous equations system by three stages least squares (3SLS), through the period (1990-2006), and took with considerations autocorrelation, heteroscedasticity, non normality, and multicollinearity problems. The results indicated that there was a statistical significance decreasing in the permanent emigration, and there was a statistical significance increasing in the temporal emigration. Saudi Arabia captured the most Egyptian emigration, also, Kuwait, and Jordan. In general the whole emigration increased significantly during the period of the study. Workers’ remittances from USA captured more than the third part during the period (2000-2006). Emigration model was estimated by (3SLS) with Newey-West’s generalized method of moments (GMM). The results indicated that, increasing workers’ remittances and unemployed led to increase emigration, while increasing the demand for domestic labor and the annual labor wage have an effect for decreasing emigration. Finally, some recommendation were mentioned, for encouragement emigration, i.e., activating and establishment the international relationships between Egypt and the neighboring countries, a diplomatic effort for emigration stabilization abroad, the search of new labor market in other countries. Also some recommendation with respect to immigration, i.e., simplification investment procedures, encouragement the industries that have an intensive human labor, and activating the training role that agree with the labor market requirements, for developing the human resources.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.061 | 0.020 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".