Formulation and Analysis of LMS Adaptive Networks for Distributed Estimation in the Presence of Transmission Errors
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Wireless sensor network (WSN) technologies and distributed processing are essential to develop ubiquitous sensing in the Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm, wherein sensors pervasively collect data and perform information processing and communication tasks to achieve a common objective. This paper presents the formulation and analysis of distributed estimation algorithms based on the diffusion cooperation scheme in the presence of errors due to the unreliable data transfer among nodes. In particular, we highlight the impact of transmission errors on the least-mean squares (LMS) adaptive networks. We develop the closed-form expressions for the steady-state mean-square deviation (MSD), which is helpful to assess the effects of the imperfect information flow on the behavior of diffusion LMS algorithms in terms of steady-state error. The model is then validated by performing Monte Carlo simulations. It is shown that local and global steady-state MSD values are not necessarily monotonic increasing functions of the error probability. We also assess sufficient conditions that ensure mean and mean-square stability of diffusion LMS strategies in the presence of transmission errors. We examine a practical scenario where errors occur at the medium access control (MAC) level. To overcome the problem of unreliable data exchange, we implement a random pairwise strategy that improves the performance of the estimation algorithm in the presence of high transmission error rates. Moreover, issues such as scalability in the sense of network size and regressor size, convergence behavior during the transient phase, spatially correlated observations, as well as the effect of the distribution of the noise variance are studied.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".