Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the incidence and assess the outcomes of cardiac arrest occurring in the context of participation in marathon or half-marathon races. DESIGN: Incidence study. SETTING: Data came from long-distance race records in the United States from January 1, 2001, to May 31, 2010. PARTICIPANTS: All participants were registered entrants in the long-distance races. Participation statistics (sex, participant identity numbers, and race distance) were publicly accessible from Running USA. ASSESSMENT OF RISK FACTORS: Data on possible risk factors for cases were obtained retrospectively through computer searches (age, sex, location of cardiac arrest, publicly released cause of death). Three attempts were made to obtain information from survivors or from the next-of-kin of deceased cases. This information included demographic characteristics, exercise and running history, and personal and family medical history. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The main outcome measures were the incidence and characteristics of cases of cardiac arrest that occurred during the race, at the finish-line, or ≤ 1 hour after completion of a marathon or half marathon. Cardiac arrests were defined by a medical professional as an unconscious state and an absence of spontaneous respirations and pulse. Successful resuscitation and discharge from hospital defined a survivor, whereas a nonsurvivor was a person who was not successfully resuscitated in the field or who died before hospital discharge. Cases of cardiac arrest had to be independently identified in 3 separate sources of data or confirmed with official race medical staff. Further information, including details of the cardiac arrest, was obtained from medical records and autopsies and the survivors or next of kin. MAIN RESULTS: Among 10.9 million registered race participants there were 40 cardiac arrests in marathons and 19 in half marathons (overall incidence, 0.54 per 100,000; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.41-0.70). The mean age of runners with cardiac arrest was 42 (SD 13) years and 86% were men. The incidence per 100,000 was higher in marathons (1.01; 95% CI, 0.72-1.38) than in half marathons (0.27; 95% CI, 0.17-0.43; and among men (0.90; 95% CI, 0.67-1.18) than among women (0.16; 95% CI, 0.07-0.31). More runners died than survived the cardiac arrest (42 [71%] vs 17[29%]); the incidence of sudden death was 0.39 per 100,000 participants (95% CI, 0.28-0.52). The mean age of the nonsurvivors was younger than that of the survivors (39 vs 49 years; P = 0.002). Complete clinical information on cause of death was available for 23 runners. The most common confirmed or possible cause of death was hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (15 cases, of whom 9 had an additional clinical factor). Among the 8 survivors with complete information, ischemic heart disease was the cause of cardiac arrest in 5. The survivors were older than nonsurvivors (53 vs 40 years), had completed more long-distance races, and were more likely to have known cardiac risk factors. The strongest predictors of survival were initiation of cardiopulmonary resuscitation by bystanders (P = 0.01) and an underlying diagnosis other than hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (P = 0.01) CONCLUSIONS:: The incidence of cardiac arrest and sudden death per 100,000 runner hours was 0.2 and 0.14. Risk factors for cardiac arrest were full marathon and male sex. Younger age and no previous knowledge of cardiovascular risk were associated with sudden death.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.006 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.007 | 0.004 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.011 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it