Influence of Impurities on Crystallization Kinetics of Calcium Sulfate Dihydrate and Hemihydrate in Strong HCl-CaCl<sub>2</sub> Solutions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The effects of inorganic impurities on the crystallization of calcium sulfates in strong HCl (6.3 mol L –1 )-CaCl 2 (1.8 mol L –1 ) solutions were investigated. The impurities considered relate to hydrochloric acid leaching of apatite-type ores for the extraction of rare earth elements. The impurities investigated were K +, Mg 2+, Sr 2+, Ba 2+, Al 3+, Fe 2+, Fe 3+, La 3+, Y 3+, F – (fluoride), and PO 4 3– (phosphate). The investigation was done in the context of a continuous steady-state crystallization process. Therefore, temperature-controlled, semibatch crystal growth experiments with regulated reagent addition, to ensure nearly constant supersaturation, were performed. The experiments were conducted at 40 and 80 °C corresponding, respectively, to crystallization of calcium sulfate dihydrate (DH) and calcium sulfate hemihydrate (HH). Among all impurities investigated, phosphate and strontium were found to have the most significant effects, with La 3+ and Y 3+ having some modest effects. Phosphate (added as phosphoric acid) was found to accelerate the growth kinetics of dihydrate up to a certain concentration level (0.3 mol L –1 ), subsequently causing a retardation effect over the concentration range from 0.3 to 1.0 mol L –1 . In contrast, phosphate had no effect on the growth kinetics of hemihydrate. In the meantime, phosphate uptake increased with increasing impurity concentration in the range up to 0.2 mol L –1 and then plateaued at 0.02 mol phosphate mol solid –1 . X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis provided evidence of the presence of a surface calcium phosphate species. On the other hand, the uptake of Sr 2+ by dihydrate was much more extensive than that of phosphate (≈5–10×). In this case, substitution rather than adsorption was the mechanism of uptake, reflecting the similar ionic radii between calcium and strontium. At phosphate and strontium concentrations >≈ 0.2 mol L –1, partial transformation of dihydrate to hemihydrate was induced. Finally, La 3+ and Y 3+ were found to be incorporated at trace level amounts into dihydrate crystals causing crystal morphology changes but not promoting phase transformation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".