Dielectric Properties of Concentration-Dependent Ethanol + Acids Solutions at Different Temperatures
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Dielectric properties of ethanol + HCl and ethanol + acetic acid heated at different temperature levels were recorded at microwave frequencies ranging from 0.5 GHz to 6 GHz, and the corresponding dissipation factor and depth of penetration of the solutions were calculated and analyzed using response surface methodology for the factors of temperature level and ethanol and acid (HCl and acetic acid) concentration generated using a central composite design. In case of mixtures with acetic acid, ethanol concentration and temperature were found to be the significant factors; however in the case of mixtures with HCl, HCl concentration was also found to be a significant factor contributing to all analyzed responses. The heating rate was interpreted in terms of the different factors based on their effects on dissipation factor and depth of penetration. Overall, with an increase in the concentration of ethanol and at lower temperature levels, the microwave heating rate was interpreted to be highest at 2.45 GHz. Among the acids, HCl was the only contributing factor and was interpreted to positively affect the heating rate; that is, with an increase in HCl concentration, the heating rate was observed to increase at 2.45 GHz.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".