The Palliative Effect of Bio-Organic Fertilizer on Lead Pollution in Lycopersicum esculentum Plants
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Lead is one of the hazardous heavy metal pollutants of the environment that originates from various sources. Soil contamination by lead reduces the quality of both soil and cultivated plants which often limits the production of some food products and animal feed. Thus, this study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of a bio-organic fertilizer, namely Acadian, a red algal extract, at recommended dose (RD) in alleviating the deteriorative effect of Pb at 0, 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/l on tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum) plants. Accordingly, Pb-treated plants showed marked reductions in growth measurements as root and shoot length, fresh and dry weights of shoots,roots and fruits as well as number of leaves and fruits; in photosynthetic rates, stomatal conductance, net intercellular CO? rates (?CO?) and in the contents of each of chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll.In addition, with the increase in level of Pb treatment in situ, total sugars, total nitrogen, catalase activity and major nutrient elements (P, K, Ca and Mg) were proportionally declined in both shoots and roots as well as proline of roots. At the other side, Pb treatment raised the levels of each of carotenoids, total soluble sugars, amino nitrogen, total soluble nitrogen, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, phenols, lipid peroxidation, sodium, lead and iron in both roots and shoots of tomato plants as well as proline of shoots and transpiration rates. When tomato plants were supplemented with the recommended dose of Acadian solely or combined with Pb at all rates, significant increases in all measured growth parameters (shoot and root length, fresh and dry weights of shoots, roots and fruits, number of leaves and fruits), photosynthetic rates, stomatal conductance, ?CO?, the contents of each of chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll as well as the contents of total sugars, total soluble sugars, total nitrogen, total soluble nitrogen, amino-N, P, K, Ca and Mg in tomato shoots and roots were obtained. Conversely, Acadian fertilization negatively reduced the carotenoid values, the activity of antioxidant enzymes(catalase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase), the amounts of phenol, Pb, Na, Fe and the level of lipid peroxidation in both shoots and roots of tomato plants, whereas, it positively affected transpiration rates. On the otherside, when Acadian where added to lead at different rates there were either synergistic increases in the activities of these antioxidant enzymes and the level of phenol and lipid peroxidation or decreases in the carotenoid, Na, Fe and Pb contents as well as transpiration rates. Thus, it is manifested that Acadian can be used to improve the safety, quality and productivity of lead polluted plants.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".