Beta Fleck and Segregation in Titanium Alloy Ingots
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The segregation defect known industrially as "betafleck" occurs in most of the beta and alpha/beta alloys of titanium, arising in segregation during the solidification of the final vacuum arc remelted (VAR) ingot. In this work we use the data generated in Part I of this study to investigate the possible causes of the defect. We conclude that more than one mechanism is potentially operative. In highly alloyed material the defect mechanism is likely to be caused by a similar flow system to that responsible for the "freckle" defect in steels and superalloys: in the lower alloyed materials, it is more likely that the defect arises in the redistribution of equiaxial crystals in the large VAR final ingot liquid pool volume which is solidifying under low temperature gradients. In either case, the industrially-practical solution to the problem appears to lie in VAR melting with steeper temperature gradients at the solidifying interface. We also outline the future need for alloy design to take into account the difference in defect-forming potential of the different betastabilizing elements available for alloy formulation.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it