Japanese Indeterminate Negative Polarity Items and Their Scope
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article investigates scopal properties of negative polarity items (NPIs) in Japanese that are composed of so-called indeterminate pronouns and particle-mo, such as dare-mo ‘who-MO ’ and dore-mo ‘which-MO’. Contrary to a commonly held view, data are presented that show that the availability of the universal interpretation of indeterminate NPIs needs to be recognized. Due to the limited licensing environment of these NPIs, which require clausemate sentential negation, a difficulty arises in teasing apart predictions made by a narrow-scope existential analysis and a wide-scope universal analysis. We circumvent this difficulty by constructing example sentences where an additional quantificational element in conjunction with sentential negation creates a non-anti-additive context. Additional support for the wide-scope universal analysis of the indeterminate NPIs is provided from their interactions with minimizer NPIs and conjunction phrases. Implications for how the exceptive-sika NPIs are to be analysed are also discussed. 1 WIDE-SCOPE UNIVERSAL NEGATIVE POLARITY ITEMS A body of work has accumulated recently that asks the question of why negative polarity items (NPIs) such as any in English have the distribution that they have (e.g. Kadmon & Landman 1993; Lee &
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it