Health Care Regime Change in Urban China: Unmanaged Marketization and Reluctant Privatization
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
has experienced a dramatic transition from a planned to a market economy since 1979. Within this context, the health care regime in urban China is now rapidly moving towards marketization. As in other economic areas, health care reforms have proceeded in a gradual manner, and the legacies of the old regime still mark the new regime. Sluggish and incomplete institutional changes have produced a distorted new system. While most types of health care provision have now been marketized, the government still follows the old manner of administrative control over the sector rather than adopting new ways of regulation. During the pre-reform era, the health care sector in urban China was an integral part of the planned economy, manifesting many characteristics of what Kornai calls classical socialism1 while displaying Chinese characteristics in other aspects. In urban areas, the pre-reform Chinese health care regime was very similar to those found in the former socialist countries of Eastern Europe and in the Soviet Union. Almost all health care providers were owned and operated by the state, all health care professionals were state employees, and most Chinese urban residents enjoyed free health care services. The only difference was that the provision of these services, unlike in Eastern Europe, was delivered through the workplace rather than the state.2 Each workplace unit operated as a small-scale welfare state, and free health care services were one of many non-wage benefits offered to unit members.3
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it