Role of Humidity and Oxygen Level on Damage to DNA Induced by Soft X-rays and Low-Energy Electrons
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Single- and double-strand breaks induced by soft X-rays (1.5 keV) and photoemitted low-energy electrons (LEEs) (0–30 eV) were measured in dry and humid thin films of plasmid DNA irradiated under different controllable levels of oxygen at standard ambient temperature and pressure (SATP). G values derived from these experiments show that the presence of H 2 O and changing the atmosphere from N 2 to O 2, while keeping all other experimental parameters constant, increases the formation of double-strand breaks (DSBs) by factors of 4.5 and 11.8 for X-rays and LEEs, respectively. Under an oxygenated environment in humid DNA films, the additional LEE-induced damage resulting from the combination of water and oxygen exhibits a super-additive effect, which leads to the formation of DSBs with a G value almost 7 times higher than that obtained by X-ray photons. These results indicate that O 2, H 2 O, and LEEs effectively contribute synergistically to enhance the formation of DSBs.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it