Asymmetrical Emitter Geometries for Increased Range of Stable Electrospray Flow Rates
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Because electric field distribution is determined by emitter size and shape, sprayer tip geometry determines the optimum liquid flow rate that can be processed by the electrospray ionization interface. Electric field is the highest at the sharpest edge of an electrode; therefore, for a beveled tip, the field is highest at the very tip, and for a conventional symmetrically tapered tip, the field is the highest around the rim of the electrode. Electrospray performance as a function of flow rate was investigated using both continuous infusion and peak-based analysis. The sharpest symmetrical emitter gave the most stable electrospray ionization (ESI) at flow rates ≤0.10 μL/min, while beveled emitters provided significantly better performance at expanded flow rates up to 1 μL/min. The use of beveled emitters offers the potential for increased versatility in electrospray ionization interfaces.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".