Maister Peter Lowe and His 16th Century Contributions to Cranial Surgery
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Before the advent of neurosurgery as a discipline, various historic surgeons performed procedures on the skull and brain. One early pioneer of surgery, Peter Lowe (c. 1550-1612), not only wrote of methods of cranial surgery in his Chirurgerie, which was the first comprehensive text of surgery written in English, but also founded what would become the Royal Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons. Included in the powers given to him by King James VI was the authority to regulate the practices of medicine, surgery, and pharmacy in the west of Scotland. This 16th century Scottish surgeon trained in Paris, where he was influenced by Ambroise Paré and wrote about the "Spanish sickness." In his surgical text, Lowe wrote about his methods of multiple neurosurgical procedures. The present study discusses the life of Maister Peter Lowe and reviews his contributions to what became the art of neurosurgery.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.007 | 0.013 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".