Improved Synthesis of Hydrogen Networks for Refineries
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Hydrogen supplies constitute a significant cost for refineries. Thus, managing hydrogen flows and consumption in an integrated and cost-effective manner is critical. This work presents a systematic framework for modeling key units in a refinery hydrogen network. It proposes an improved superstructure and a simpler mixed-integer nonlinear programming model for synthesizing such a network with minimum total annualized cost. In contrast to the existing literature, it allows dedicated compressors, realistic cost correlations, temperature effects, stream-dependent properties, fuel gas specifications, heating, cooling, and valve expansions. Furthermore, it avoids the many bilinear and posynomial terms present in the existing models; thus it is easier to solve. Our tests with several literature examples confirm that our model gives better and more realistic solutions than the previous models, and it is also suitable for retrofit synthesis.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it