As China Meets the Southern Sea Frontier: Ocean Identity in the Making, 1902-1937
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction The South China Sea, currently traversed by more than half of the world's supertankers, is a three-million-square-kilometre semi-enclosed sea scattered with barren islands and reefs, some of them partly submerged at high tide. There is no consensus as to exactly how many features are involved or the extent of the archipelagos, but it can be said that the area hosts four clusters: the Macclesfield Bank (claimed by China and Taiwan, with some parts also claimed by the Philippines); the Pratas Islands (claimed by China and Taiwan and occupied by the latter); the Paracel Islands (claimed by China, Taiwan and Vietnam but occupied by China since 1974); and the Spratly Islands (claimed entirely or partly by China, Taiwan, Vietnam, the Philippines, Malaysia and Brunei.) Since two armed skirmishes occurred in 1974 and 1988 between Vietnam-
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".