Rapid flow slides of coal-mine waste in British Columbia, Canada
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Failures of waste piles in open-pit coal mines of mountainous southeastern British Columbia produce highly mobile flow slides. This chapter is a review of recent research by several groups into the causes and behavior of the flow slides. The failures are preceded by slow initial displacements of several tens of meters at the pile crests. Observations of prefailure displacement rates have been used successfully to predict the onset of rapid motion. Volumes of individual flow slide events are typically in the hundreds of thousands of cubic meters, but range to several million cubic meters. The flow slides travel distances of as much as several kilometers at speeds exceeding 10 m/s. The mechanisms of failure appear to involve an undrained collapse of fine, saturated waste, or loose saturated foundation soils. The collapse process has been observed in undrained triaxial tests in the laboratory and simulated by a finite-element model of spontaneous liquefaction. The long runout distances appear to result from rapid undrained loading and entrainment of loose saturated soil from the slide path. A dynamic model of flow sliding based on frictional rheology with pore pressure has been calibrated empirically by back-analysis of a number of actual events. It is now possible to predict approximately the velocity and runout distance of typical waste flow slides.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it