The Impact of BITs and DTTs on FDI Inflow and Outflow: Evidence from China
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper examines the impact of both China's bilateral investment treaties (BITs) and double tax treaties (DTTs) simultaneously on China's bilateral Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) inflows and outflows. Using China bilateral FDI flow data from 1985 to 2010, we find that the cumulative number of bilateral investment treaties (BITs) China signed has a positive (though not always statistically significant) but minor impact on both China's FDI inflows and outflows. The effect of a dummy BIT using dyadic data is always significant and positive for China's FDI inflows, while negative but not always significant for China's FDI outflows. We also find evidence that the cumulative number of double tax treaties (DTTs) tends to promote China's FDI inflows and outflows in most equations with weighted cumulative BITs. However, tax treaty dummies do not reveal any robust effect on FDI flow. Generally, BITs and DTTs are more inclined to affect China's FDI inflows than to affect China's FDI outflows.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it