The Effect of Instruction on Children’s Knowledge of Marine Ecology, Attitudes Toward the Ocean, and Stances Toward Marine Resource Issues
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study examined grade 4 students’ knowledge of marine ecology, their attitude towards the seashore and ocean, and their stances (preservationist, conservationist, exploitive) towards marine resource issues before and after a classroom instructional unit. Students’ pre-instructional and post-instructional questionnaires, drawings and writing were collected and analyzed. Prior to instruction, the students’ knowledge level was low, however their ocean attitudes were positive and they were predominately preservationist and conservationist in their stances. The instructional unit was developed using a constructivist perspective with an emphasis on experiential learning and included field trips to the seashore and the investigation of a local marine resource issue (Pacific salmon stock depletion). After instruction, a significant increase in knowledge and positive attitude was evident. As well, students’ stances toward marine resource issues were less polarized. The results have implications for environmental education in general and marine ecology and resource management studies in particular.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.012 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".