Between Colonial and Indigenous Archaeologies: Legal and Extra-legal Ownership of the Archaeological Past in North America
Bibliographic record
Abstract
For over a century and a half, archaeologists have fought to protect the archaeological record from impacts caused by looting, antiquities trafficking, development, and other threats to the preservation of, in effect, the raw material of the archaeological enterprise. But as post-colonial sensibilities slowly permeate North American society, descendant communities have challenged the basis for both archaeologists to assert an exclusive stewardship of the archaeological record, and the state's authority to endow this exclusivity to archaeologists. This paper reviews the historical context from which archaeologists have obtained in legislation a privileged trust from the state to manage and protect the archaeological record in North America, and the challenges First Nations have made to being excluded from their ancestor's past. While the changing balance in the politics of archaeology in North America is undermining archaeologists' exclusivity, it also offers opportunities for archaeology to become more inclusive and relevant in society. Resume. Depuis plus de cent cinquante ans, les archeologues se sont battus pour proteger le temoignage archeologique du pillage, du trafic d'antiquites et de toutes autres sortes de menaces a la preservation de ce qui est, de fait, le materiel de base de la recherche archeologique. Mais, alors que les sensibilites post-coloniales infiltrent peu a peu la societe nord-americaine, les bases qui permettaient aux archeologues de revendiquer l'intendance exclusive des documents archeologiques ainsi que l'autorite de l'Etat qui octroyait aux archeologues cette exclusivite, sont serieusement mises en question par les communautes descendantes. Cette communication passe en revue le contexte historique a partir duquel les archeologues ont obtenu par legislation de l'Etat l'exclusivite dans la gestion et la protection le temoignage archeologique en Amerique du Nord, et la facon dont les Premieres Nations ont ete evincees de l'acces au passe de leurs ancetres. Les changements de rapports de force dans la politique de l'archeologie en Amerique du Nord tendent a diminuer l'exclusivite des archeologues, mais ils permettent aussi a cette science de s'integrer plus globalement et significativement dans la societe.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.011 | 0.021 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.007 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".