Virtual Local Government in Practice: The Case of Town Councils in Singapore/Un Gouvernement Local Virtuel Dans la Pratique : Le Cas De Conseils De Ville Au Singapour
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Various taxonomic systems have been developed for classifying alternative models of local government in advanced societies. Some of these theoretical typologies include the category 'virtual local government' as part of a larger spectrum of alternative conceptual models of municipal governance. However, with the partial exception of Singapore, and its unique system of local government, no other real-world local government structure has actual operating local authorities approximating the virtual local government model. This paper places virtual local government in the broader context of alternative generic models of local governance, outlines the Allan (2001) virtual model of local governance, and then examines Singaporean town councils in the light of this model. Resume Divers systemes taxonomiques ont ete elabores pour classifier les modeles alternatifs de gouvernements locaux dans les societes avancees. Certaines de ces typologies theoriques incluent la categorie de 'gouvernement local virtuel' en tant qu'element d'un plus grand eventail de modeles conceptuels alternatifs de gouvernements municipaux. Cependant, a l'exception partielle de Singapour, et son systeme unique de gouvernement local, aucune autre structure reelle de gouvernement local ne possede vraiment des autorites locales reelles se rapprochant du modele virtuel de gouvernement local. Ce document situe le gouvernement local virtuel dans le contexte plus large des modeles generiques alternatifs de gouvernements locaux, il decrit le modele virtuel de gouvernements locaux d'Allan (2001), et puis examine les conseils municipaux singapouriens a la lumiere de ce modele. La question est posee de savoir si le modele de Singapour se rapproche du modele d'Allan (2001). Par exemple, en termes de disposition de service, en approvisionnant a l'exterieur du cote operationnel entier de leurs activites, a l'exception de surveiller le fonctionnement de l'agent de gestion, les conseils municipaux de Singapour peuvent se concentrer exclusivement sur le developpement et l'amelioration de politiques exploitant de ce fait l'efficacite du secteur prive dans la prestation de service. Cependant, les conseils municipaux singapouriens transgressent le modele d'Allan par la suppression du noyau de leur propre expertise professionnelle, laissant le champ libre a 'une capture des regulations' (regulatory capture) par l'agent de gestion et a travers l'utilisation excessive d'une seule societe privee pour fournir toute la gamme necessaire des services. Neanmoins, l'obj ection principale au modele de S ingapour reside en sa nature antidemocratique. Au lieu d'une representation elue, le modele de Singapour se fonde sur des representants designes. En depit de ces problemes, on peut discuter que le modele de Singapour peut etre incorpore a d'autres systemes de gouvernements locaux, comme lesjuridictions des etats australiens, sujet a deux mises en garde. Premierement, les representants de conseils municipaux devraient etre democratiquement elus plutot que simplement designes. Deuxiemement, les prises de decisions fondamentales doivent rester internes sous la forme d'un comite de cadres superieurs. ********** Scholars of governance have long sought to develop taxonomic systems of local government that encompass all conceivable institutional arrangements for delivering local goods and services under democratic oversight. A complete typology of this kind would include not only observable real-world municipal models, but also theoretically feasible prototypes not yet in existence. However, despite a growing literature in the area, no universally accepted taxonomy has yet been developed. Notwithstanding this gap in the conceptual literature, existing typological schema have nevertheless proved valuable for both the examination of the characteristics of actual local government systems as well as for comparative studies of different municipal institutional arrangements. …
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.016 | 0.025 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.008 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.009 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".