Bibliographic record
Abstract
In Stoicism, as in Epicureanism, an understanding of the physical place of humanity in the universe was an integral component of a system of thought underpinning each sect's ethical commitments. At the same time as these schools flourished, non-philosophical disciplines were evolving that laid claim to knowledge of parts of this subject: astronomy, which concerned the composition and regularity of the heavens in their own right; geography, which investigated the form and characteristics of the earth and its inhabited parts; and astrology, which asserted connections between the celestial motions and mundane life. The fundamental assumptions of these scientific disciplines were from the start so completely at odds with Epicurus' atomistic, aleatory cosmology that Epicureanism and the exact sciences were doomed to a relationship of mutual irrelevance so long as they coexisted. Between Stoicism and the sciences the possibilities of interaction were greater; though, as we shall see, there were limits to their readiness to embrace each other's approaches. ASTRONOMY The central matter of astronomia as it was commonly understood up to the Hellenistic period was the organization of the stars into their constellations and the association of their annual cycle of risings and settings with patterns of weather and human (mostly agricultural) activity.1 But Eudoxus’ astronomical works, which are known to us only through excerpts and secondhand reports, exemplified and indeed likely pioneered a considerable expansion of the science’s scope: in addition to the traditional topics of constellations, weather patterns, and calendrical cycles, he investigated conceptual geometrical models that sought to account for the phenomena of the heavenly bodies and that could be interpreted as reflecting the physical nature of the cosmos.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.016 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.012 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".