Introduction to Applied Probability for Energy Risk Management
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
There are many instances where those involved in energy products must make decisions under conditions of uncertainty. An oil producer must decide how much inventory to stock; a risk manger how much economic capital to set aside, and an electricity speculator when to buy or sell. In each of these cases the individuals make their decision on the basis of what they think is likely to occur; their decision is based on the probability that certain events will or will not happen. Most of us have some intuitive understanding of probability. Some people prefer to take the train to their place of work in the knowledge that a serious accident is less likely than if they drive. Others participate in high risk sports such as boxing or sailing, knowing that they are likely to face serious injury or death, but then again the likelihood of such extreme outcomes is actually quite small. Millions of individuals purchase lottery tickets even though the likelihood of wining a very large pay-out is extremely small. If we say that the probability of snow today is one-half, but tomorrow it is only one quarter, we know that snow is more likely today than tomorrow.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it