Assessing the Consequences of the 1999 German Citizenship Act
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This special issue of German Politics and Society offers a retrospective look at the German Citizenship Act (Staatsangehörigkeitsgesetz, StAG), which passed in 1999 and came into force in 2000.1 The law was and continues to be understood by many academics, policymakers, and lay commentators as constituting a “paradigm shift” in German citizenship policy and, by extension, prevailing conceptions of German nationhood. The introduction of the law of territory (jus soli), in particular, was greeted as a welcome acknowledgement of Germany’s de facto status as a modern immigration country. Children born and raised in Germany would no longer be rendered permanent foreigners as a consequence of the dominance of the law of descent (jus sanguinis) in the Reichs- und Staatsangehörigkeitsgesetz (RuStAG), 1913. Proponents assumed that the reduction of the residency requirement for naturalization would also allow greater numbers of long settled immigrants to assume the rights and privileges of German nationality. Just as importantly, Germany would join the European mainstream as regarded citizenship policy. The stigma associated with its traditionally ethnic conception of nationhood would give way to a more positive, civic identity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.006 | 0.023 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.008 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".