Bibliographic record
Abstract
CORPORATE SCANDALS, GLOBAL unrest, lack of confidence in the economy, a poor earnings outlook, threats of terrorist attacks—some of the reasons given for the lackluster performance of U.S. stock markets in the second quarter—had the same effect on performance as a chicken running across the floor of the New York Stock Exchange shouting, "The sky is falling!" Chemical, pharmaceutical, and biopharmaceutical stocks were not immune to these fears, although, overall, chemical stocks were affected much less than drug stocks. During the second quarter, C&EN's index of 25 chemical company stocks slipped just 5% from its first-quarter close to finish at 161 (1992 = 100). During the same period, C&EN's drug stock index fell 22.1% and its biopharmaceutical index dropped 33.4%. The chemical stock index, because of a fairly good first quarter, managed to achieve a 4.2% gain between the last trading day of 2001 and the end of June, outperforming the Dow Jones industrial ...
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.034 | 0.021 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".