Bibliographic record
Abstract
TRENDS — CORPORATE SCANDALS, poor earnings, and a lack of confidence in the economy—that began battering stock markets in the second quarter continued unabated in the third. The Dow Jones industrial average hit a new five-year low while the technology-heavy NASDAQ was reminiscent of 1997 levels. Stocks for chemical, drug, and biopharmaceutical producers were not immune, but in some cases they did better than the broader markets. Chemical stocks continued their downward slide in the third quarter. C&EN's chemical stock index, calculated from the daily average stock prices of 25 leading companies, fell 175% from the last trading day of the second quarter to end the July-to-September period at 133 (1992 = 100). This percentage decline almost matched the 17.9% drop in the Dow Jones average during the same period. However, the chemical index ended the quarter just 14.0% below where it closed out 2001, while the Dow Jones, in contrast, closed down 24.2%. The ...
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.009 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.017 | 0.007 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".