The electrochemical reduction of CO<sub>2</sub> on a copper electrode in 1‐<i>n</i>‐butyl‐3‐methyl imidazolium tetrafluoroborate (BMI.BF<sub>4</sub>) monitored by surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The electrochemical conversion of CO2 into value‐added products using room temperature ionic liquids as solvent/electrolyte has been proposed as an alternative to minimize the environmental effects of CO2 emissions. A key issue in the design of electrochemical systems for the reduction of CO2 is the in situ identification of intermediate surface species as well as reaction products. Copper electrodes, besides being used as cathodes in the electrochemical reduction of CO2, present surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) when properly activated. In this sense, the electrochemical reduction of CO2 over a copper electrode in the room temperature ionic liquids 1‐n‐butyl‐3‐methyl imidazolium tetrafluoroborate (BMI.BF4) was investigated by cyclic voltammetry and by in situ SERS. The cyclic voltammetries have shown that the presence of CO2 on the BMI.BF4 anticipates the reduction of BMI+ to the corresponding carbene. Fourier‐transform‐SERS spectra excited at 1064 nm and SERS spectra excited at 632.8 nm have shown vibrational signals from adsorbed CO. These SERS results indicated that CO adsorbs on the copper surface at two different surface sites. The observation of a 2275 cm−1 vibration in the SERS spectra also confirmed the presence of chemically adsorbed CO2. Other products of CO2 reduction in BMI.BF4, besides CO, were identified, including BMI carbene and the BMI‐CO2 adduct. The SERS results also suggest that the presence of a thin film of Cu2O on the copper surface anticipates the reduction of CO2 to CO, an important component of syngas. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".