Perceived Stress and Psychiatric Symptoms in Swedish Upper Secondary School Students
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Previous studies in adolescents have rarely used validated questionnaires to assess stress and psychiatric symptoms. The first aim of this study, which was conducted in 2011, was to examine the prevalence and potential sex differences of perceived stress and psychiatric symptoms among Swedish upper secondary school students for comparison with Swedish reference populations from 1996 and 1998. The second aim was to examine the correlation between perceived stress and psychiatric symptoms in 2011. Methods: Perceived stress and psychiatric symptoms were measured in 194 Swedish students, aged 15-19 years, with the validated questionnaires Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-14) and Symptoms Checklist 90 (SCL-90). PSS-14 data were compared with data from the 1996 study. SCL-90 data were compared with a large Swedish reference sample from 1998. clinicaltrials.gov: NCT01457222. Results: Significantly higher PSS-14 scores (more stress) and Global Severity Index scores (from SCL-90) (more psychiatric symptoms) were found in both sexes compared with the reference groups. Although no sex difference was found in perceived stress, female students showed more psychiatric symptoms than male students. Perceived stress and psychiatric symptoms were well correlated (ρ=0.67). Conclusions: Using validated scales, this study shows that Swedish adolescents reported higher levels of perceived stress and psychiatric symptoms in 2011, in comparison with Swedish reference populations from 1996 and 1998. Girls reported more psychiatric symptoms than the boys. Future studies could examine which strategies are useful to help young people improve in coping with stress and to prevent associated psychiatric symptoms.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".