Orogen‐parallel deformation of the Himalayan midcrust: Insights from structural and magnetic fabric analyses of the Greater Himalayan Sequence, Annapurna‐Dhaulagiri Himalaya, central Nepal
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The metamorphic core of the Himalaya (Greater Himalayan Sequence, GHS), in the Annapurna‐Dhaulagiri region, central Nepal, recorded orogen‐parallel stretching during midcrustal evolution. Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility and field‐based structural analyses suggest that midcrustal deformation of the amphibolite facies core of the GHS occurred under an oblate/suboblate strain regime with associated formation of low‐angle northward dipping foliation. Magnetic and mineral stretching lineations lying within this foliation from the top of the GHS record right‐lateral orogen‐parallel stretching. We propose that oblate strain within a midcrustal flow accommodated oblique convergence between India and the arcuate orogenic front without the need for strain partitioning in the upper crust. Oblate flattening may have also promoted orogen‐parallel melt migration and development of melt‐depleted regions between km 3 scale leucogranite culminations at ~50–100 km intervals along orogen strike. Following the cessation of flow, continued oblique convergence led to upper crustal strain partitioning between orogen‐perpendicular convergence on thrust faults and orogen‐parallel extension on normal and strike‐slip faults. In the Annapurna‐Dhaulagiri Himalaya, orogen‐parallel stretching lineations are interpreted as a record of transition from midcrustal orogen‐perpendicular extrusion to upper crustal orogen‐parallel stretching. Our findings suggest that midcrustal flow and upper crustal extension could not be maintained simultaneously and support other studies from across the Himalaya, which propose an orogen‐wide transition from midcrustal orogen‐perpendicular extrusion to upper crustal orogen‐parallel extension during the mid‐Miocene. The 3‐D nature of oblate strain and orogen‐parallel stretching cannot be replicated by 2‐D numerical simulations of the Himalayan orogen.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it