Bibliographic record
Abstract
Steel moment frames are widely used in buildings subjected to lateral loads such as wind and earthquakes. This paper summarizes development of a new economical steel moment connection for use in highly seismic areas. The highly ductile new connection is primarily utilizing ductility of the gusset plate to provide necessary rotational capacity while the entire beam and column being connected remain essentially elastic. Due to the desirable performance of the connection and the flat geometry of the gusset plate, the proposed connection is well-suited to be used in steel and composite special ductile moment frames, special steel shear walls and dual systems of moment frames plus special concentrically braced frames, all currently used in seismic lateral force resistance in buildings. The proposed new moment connection can also be used in resisting gravity loads and lateral forces due to wind. In the proposed gusset plate moment connection, the beam is cut short to leave a distance from the column face where yielding and plastic hinge formation are expected to occur primarily due to in-plane yielding of the gusset plate. The gusset plate can either be directly welded to the column or bolted to the column using an end plate. With careful proportioning and proper detailing, the beam is expected to remain essentially elastic during the cyclic loading and no, or minimum continuity plates will be required for the column panel zone. Extensive nonlinear finite element analyses have been conducted. The results indicated that the connection will be very ductile and performs in a very desirable manner when the moment capacity of the gusset plate divided by the moment capacity of the beam ratio is less than 1.0, the thickness of the gusset plate is equal or greater than 1.25 times the beam web thickness and the free gusset plate length is equal to 4 to 6 times the gusset plate thickness. Based on the observation from the studies summarized herein, the use of "Upset bolts" is recommended for the bolted version, where tension bolts connect the gusset plate to the column.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".