Use of Nickel Nanoparticles for Promoting Aquathermolysis Reaction During Cyclic Steam Stimulation
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Late cycles of cyclic steam stimulation (CSS) are characterized with a decreasing heavy-oil recovery and an increasing water cut. Nickel nanoparticles can be used to promote aquathermolysis reactions between water and heavy oil in steam injection processes, thereby increasing the recovery factor. In this paper, detailed investigations were performed to determine the optimum operational parameters and answers to the following questions: (1) What is the optimum concentration of nickel nanoparticles for promoting aquathermolysis under high steam temperature?; (2) Can we improve oil recovery at lower steam temperatures with the presence of nickel nanoparticles?; (3) What effect does the penetration depth of nickel nanoparticles have on the final oil recovery? CSS experiments were conducted between temperatures 150°C and 220°C. Steam generated under these temperatures was injected into sand packs saturated with Mexican heavy oil. Powder-form nickel nanoparticle was introduced into this process to boost the oil production. In an attempt to obtain the optimum concentration, different concentrations were tested. Next, oil sands without any nanoparticle additives were first added into the cylinder. Then, only one third of the sand pack was mixed with nickel nanoparticle near the injection port. Experiments were executed to study the effects of temperature, nickel concentrations, and nanoparticle penetration depth on the ultimate oil recovery and produced oil-water ratios after each cycle. Produced oil quality and emulsion formation were evaluated with gas-chromatography (GC) analysis, viscosity measurements, saturates-asphaltenes-resins-aromatics (SARA) test, and microscopic analysis of the effluents. Experimental results show that the best concentration of nickel nanoparticles, which gives the highest ultimate oil recovery factor, is 0.20 wt% of initial oil in place (IOIP) under 220°C, while the nickel concentration of 0.05 wt% provides the highest recovery factors at the early stages. A lower temperature of 150°C provides a much lower recovery factor than 220°C, which is mainly due to a lower level of aquathermolysis reactions at 150°C. By analyzing the compositions of produced oil and gas samples with GC and SARA, we confirm that (1) the major reaction mechanism during the aquathermolysis reaction is the breakage of C-S bond, (2) the nickel nanoparticles can act as catalyst for the aquathermolysis reaction, and (3) the catalytic effect becomes less remarkable from cycle to cycle. One run of experiment to test the effect of particle penetration depth revealed that nickel nanoparticle distributed near the injection port greatly contributed to the ultimate recovery factor.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it