Association between exposure to ambient particulate matter and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: results from a cross-sectional study in China
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
<h3>Objective</h3> The association between exposure to ambient particles with a median aerodynamic diameter less than 10/2.5 µm (particulate matter, PM<sub>10</sub>/<sub>2.5</sub>) and COPD remains unclear. Our study objective was to examine the association between ambient PM<sub>10</sub>/<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations and lung functions in adults. <h3>Methods</h3> A cross-sectional study was conducted in southern China. Seven clusters were randomly selected from four cities across Guangdong province. Residents aged ≥20 years in the participating clusters were randomly recruited; all eligible participants were examined with a standardised questionnaire and spirometry. COPD was defined as a post-bronchodilator FEV<sub>1</sub>/FVC less than 70%. Atmosphere PM sampling was conducted across the clusters along with our survey. <h3>Results</h3> Of the subjects initially recruited, 84.4% (n=5993) were included for analysis. COPD prevalence and atmosphere PM concentration varied significantly among the seven clusters. COPD prevalence was significantly associated with elevated PM concentration levels: adjusted OR 2.416 (95% CI 1.417 to 4.118) for >35 and ≤75 µg/m<sup>3</sup> and 2.530 (1.280 to 5.001) for >75 µg/m<sup>3</sup> compared with the level of ≤35 µg/m<sup>3</sup> for PM<sub>2.5</sub>; adjusted OR 2.442 (95% CI 1.449 to 4.117) for >50 and ≤150 µg/m<sup>3</sup> compared with the level of ≤50 µg/m<sup>3</sup> for PM<sub>1</sub>. A 10 µg/m<sup>3</sup> increase in PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations was associated with a 26 mL (95% CI −43 to −9) decrease in FEV<sub>1</sub>, a 28 mL (−49 to −8) decrease in FVC and a 0.09% decrease (−0.170 to −0.010) in FEV<sub>1</sub>/FVC ratio. The associations of COPD with PM<sub>10</sub> were consistent with PM<sub>2.5</sub> but slightly weaker. <h3>Conclusions</h3> Exposure to higher PM concentrations was strongly associated with increased COPD prevalence and declined respiratory function. <h3>Trial registration number</h3> ChiCTR-OO-14004264; Post-results.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it