Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction: The Hawthorne effect, or behaviour change due to awareness of being observed, is believed to inflate directly observed hand hygiene compliance rates, but evidence is limited. \nMethods: A real-time location system tracked hospital hand hygiene auditors and recorded alcohol-based hand rub and soap dispenses. Rates of hand hygiene events per dispenser per hour within sight of auditors were compared to dispensers not exposed to auditors. \nResults: The event rate in dispensers visible to auditors (3.75/dispenser/hour) was significantly higher than unexposed dispensers at the same time (1.48) and in prior weeks (1.07). The rate increased significantly when auditors were present compared to five minutes prior to arrival. There were no significant changes inside patient rooms. \nConclusions: Hand hygiene event rates increase in hallways when auditors are visible and the increase occurs after the auditors’ arrival, consistent with the existence of a Hawthorne effect localized to areas where auditors are visible.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.018 | 0.068 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".