Schulze D.G., Stucki J.W. & Bertsch P.M. CMS Workshop Lectures, Volume 9: Synchrotron X-ray Methods in Clay Science.The Clay Minerals Society, PO Box 4416, Boulder, Colorado 80306, USA, 1999. vii + 244 pp. Price: US $23. ISBN: 1-881208-09-5.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This is another volume in the excellent-value paperback series produced by the US society. The source material for the book was derived from lectures given at the workshop of the same title given in conjunction with the 11th International Clay Conference held in Ottawa, Canada in 1997. Whenever charged particles are accelerated they emit electromagnetic radiation, and it has long been possible to obtain very intense fluxes of X-rays from synchrotrons. These are large machines into which electrons or their positively charged counterparts, positrons, are injected into a beam and then accelerated around ring-shaped paths to near the speed of light using bending magnets. However, these machines were built originally to perform high-energy physics experiments on the fundamental structure of matter, and the production of X-rays and other electromagnetic waves was regarded as merely junk, parasitic noise to be overcome. However, crystallographers eventually caught on to the fact that these machines could produce X-ray fluxes many orders of magnitude higher than the tubes of conventional laboratory diffractometers. One further major difference between …
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.167 | 0.104 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".