Violence by Children Against Mothers in Relation to Violence Between Parents and Corporal Punishment by Parents
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article examines violence by children against parents, with particular emphasis on violence against mothers. The data are from interviews with parents of a nationally representative sample of American children age 3 through 17 (N=l,023). Analyses of rates for the previous 12 months found that: (1) The younger the child, the higher the rate of child-to-parent violence (CPV). (2) At all ages, more children were violent to mothers than to fathers. (3) Both boys and girls hit mothers more than fathers. (4) At all ages, slightly more boys than girls hit parents. Tests of the theory that CPV reflects violence by the parents found that CPV was associated with violence by parents, regardless of whether the violence was husband- to-wife, wife-to-husband, corporal punishment, or physical abuse. In the absence of parent-to- child violence, CPV is rare. Because corporal punishment had the strongest relation to CPV, the findings suggest that steps to end violence against women cannot be limited to efforts to eliminate wife-beating, but should also include steps to end corporal punishment. Primary prevention is needed in the form of helping parents set an example of non-violence by not using corporal punishment.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.014 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".