Consequences of Surface Oxophilicity of Ni, Ni-Co, and Co Clusters on Methane Activation
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study describes a new C–H bond activation pathway during CH 4 –CO 2 reactions on oxophilic Ni-Co and Co clusters, unlike those established previously on Ni clusters. The initial C–H bond activation remains as the sole kinetically relevant step on Ni-Co, Ni, and Co clusters, but their specific reaction paths vary. On Ni clusters, C–H bond activation occurs via an oxidative addition step that involves a three-center (H 3 C···*···H) ⧧ transition state, during which a Ni-atom inserts into the C–H bond and donates its electron density into the C–H bond’s antibonding orbital. Ni-Co clusters are more oxophilic than Ni; thus, their surfaces are covered with oxygen adatoms. An oxygen adatom and a vicinal Co-atom form a metal–oxygen site-pair that cleaves the C–H bond via a σ bond metathesis reaction, during which the Co inserts into the C–H bond while the oxygen abstracts the leaving H-atom in a concerted, four-center (H 3 C···*···H···O*) ⧧ transition state. Similarly, Co clusters also catalyze the σ bond metathesis step, but much less effectively because of their higher oxophilicities, much stronger binding to oxygen, and less effective hydrogen abstraction than Ni-Co clusters. On Ni-Co and Co clusters, the pseudo-first-order rate coefficients are single-valued functions of the CO 2 -to-CO ratio (or H 2 O-to-H 2 ratio), because this ratio prescribes the oxygen chemical potentials and the relative abundances of metal–oxygen site-pairs through the water–gas shift equilibrium. The direct involvement of reactive oxygen in the kinetically relevant step leads to more effective CH 4 turnovers and complete elimination of coke deposition on Ni-Co bimetallic clusters.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it