Feasibility of Acti-Gel® as a cost-effective additive for underground mine hydraulic backfill applications
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Backfill is an integral part of an underground mining operation. Its two main purposes are safety of the underground openings, and environmental remediation by use of mill tailings as a construction material underground. Backfill will play a vital role in the process of ore extraction in deep mining, as a solution to rock stability issues. Depending on the mining method used, backfill provides a working surface, stabilises stope and pillar walls, as well as the surrounding rock mass, and controls caving of stope backs. The economic feasibility of many mining techniques depends on the ability to place competent backfill in the underground voids to ensure safe working conditions. Portland cement is primarily used to solidify backfill, which represents a major cost in mining operations. In addition, the manufacturing of cement raises environmental considerations because it produces a considerable amount of CO2 emissions. Therefore the search for additives which allow for a reduction in the required cement content in backfill has been ongoing for decades. Acti-Gel® is a highly purified magnesium aluminosilicate that acts as a high performance anti-settling agent and rheology modifier used in a wide variety of water-based industrial applications. Previous studies have shown that as an additive in paste backfill, it results in improved strength and flow properties, such as friction loss and segregation. Since additives may perform differently in a hydraulic system with various backfill materials, it is recommended to conduct controlled laboratory testing on the additive with the materials and binder used at each specific mine site. This is done to determine the additive’s suitability for use in a given underground mine’s backfill operation, in order to ensure the integrity of the flow properties as well as the resulting backfill matrix. This paper presents the results of a study conducted at the CanmetMINING Sudbury Laboratory to investigate the feasibility of Acti-Gel®, as a cost-effective additive for underground hydraulic backfill applications. The materials and binder used in the study were from two of Vale’s Operations in the Sudbury Basin; Coleman Mine and Creighton Mine. The materials were first physically characterised, followed by the preparation of samples to determine optimal dosages of the additive for strength development required for Vale’s hydraulic fill compliance. In addition, specialised laboratory pilot studies to determine Acti-Gel®’s effect on flow properties were conducted. It was found that at a low dosage of 0.03 wt%, Acti-Gel® delivered enhanced performance in unconfined compressive strength tests as well as in the pilot-scale flow tests. A significant reduction in binder content could be realised with addition of Acti-Gel® at the Coleman and Creighton Mine operations. The economic benefits of such a binder reduction are also discussed in this paper.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".