In vitro Detection of Occlusal Caries on Permanent Teeth by a Visual, Light-Induced Fluorescence and Photothermal Radiometry and Modulated Luminescence Methods
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The paradigm shift towards the non-surgical management of dental caries relies on the early detection of the disease. Detection of caries at an early stage is of unequivocal importance for early preventive intervention. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this in vitro study is to evaluate the performance of a visual examination using the International Caries Detection and Assessment System criteria (ICDAS), two quantitative light-induced fluorescence systems (QLF); Inspektor™ Pro and QLF-D Biluminator™ 2 (Inspektor Research Systems B.V., Amsterdam, The Netherlands) and a Photothermal Radiometry and Modulated Luminescence (PTR/LUM), The Canary System® (Quantum Dental Technologies, Toronto, Canada) on detection of primary occlusal caries on permanent teeth. METHODS: 60 teeth with occlusal surface sites ranging from sound to non-cavitated occlusal lesions ICDAS (0-4) were assessed with each detection method twice in a random order. Histological validation was used to compare methods for sensitivity, specificity, % correct and the area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), at standard and optimum sound thresholds. Inter-examiner agreement and intra-examiner repeatability were measured using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). RESULTS: Inter-examiner agreement ranged between 0.48 (The Canary System®) and 0.96 (QLF-D Biluminator™2). Intra-examiner repeatability ranged 0.33-0.63 (The Canary System®) and 0.96-0.99 (QLF-D Biluminator™2). Sensitivity ranged 0.75-.096 while specificity ranged 0.43-0.89. AUC was 0.79 (The Canary System®); 0.87 (ICDAS); 0.90 63 (Inspektor™ Pro); and 0.94 (QLF-D Biluminator™2). CONCLUSION: ICDAS had the best combination of sensitivity and specificity followed by QLF-D Biluminator™ 2 at optimum threshold.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it