Photon momentum transfer in photoionisation: unexpected breakdown of the dipole approximation
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
In most models and theoretical calculations describing multiphoton or tunnelling ionisation by infrared light, and in most part of the spectroscopy, the dipole approximation is used. This is equivalent to setting the very small photon momentum to zero. We review and complete our recent theoretical investigations which showed the importance of photon momentum in photoionisation of atoms in various regimes. We report signatures of the photon momentum in one photon, multiphoton and tunnelling regimes and compare them to the predictions of a new variant a simple standard tunnelling three-step model in which the Lorentz force is included in the final (classical) ionisation step. Importance of the magnetic quiver motion is underlined. In each regime, the photon momentum effect shows up in a specific way, in particular, the dependence of the photon effect on the laser polarisation is reviewed in detail. We also outline how this effect shows up in molecular photoionisation.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it