Photon momentum transfer in photoionisation: unexpected breakdown of the dipole approximation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In most models and theoretical calculations describing multiphoton or tunnelling ionisation by infrared light, and in most part of the spectroscopy, the dipole approximation is used. This is equivalent to setting the very small photon momentum to zero. We review and complete our recent theoretical investigations which showed the importance of photon momentum in photoionisation of atoms in various regimes. We report signatures of the photon momentum in one photon, multiphoton and tunnelling regimes and compare them to the predictions of a new variant a simple standard tunnelling three-step model in which the Lorentz force is included in the final (classical) ionisation step. Importance of the magnetic quiver motion is underlined. In each regime, the photon momentum effect shows up in a specific way, in particular, the dependence of the photon effect on the laser polarisation is reviewed in detail. We also outline how this effect shows up in molecular photoionisation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".